The "ball method" was the most effective treatment for leprosy during the early 20th century. Namely inject chaulmoogra oil to be absorbed by the body. The technique involves isolating the ester compound from the oil and chemically modifying it, producing a substance that retains the therapeutic properties of the oil when injected.
The inventor of this method is a 23-year-old female professor, Alice Augusta Ball (commonly called Alice Ball). He was an American chemist who developed the "Ball Method". The cause of leprosy is the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis. This bacterial infection can damage nerves, respiratory organs, skin, and eyes.
How is the story, so that his discovery was almost lost without anyone knowing Alice's great service?.
Alice Augusta Ball was born on July 24, 1892, in Seattle, Washington. Ball studied chemistry at the University of Washington, earning a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical chemistry in 1912 and a second bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical science two years later in 1914.
While studying there, together with his pharmacy instructor, Williams Dehn, he published a 10-page article, "Benzoylations in Ether Solution", in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Publishing an article in a respected scientific journal was an unusual achievement for a woman and especially for a black woman at the time.
After graduation, Ball was offered many scholarships. He received offers from the University of California Berkeley, as well as the College of Hawaii (now the University of Hawaii), where he decided to pursue a master's degree in chemistry. At the College of Hawaii, his master's thesis studied the chemical properties of the Kava plant species. Because of this research and his understanding of the chemical makeup of plants, he was later approached by Harry T. Hollmann, an Assistant Surgeon at the U.S. Leprosy Investigation Station. Public Health Service in Hawaii, to study chaulmoogra oil and its chemical properties. Chaulmoogra oil has been the best available treatment for leprosy for hundreds of years, and Ball developed a much more effective injectable form.
In 1915 she became the first woman and the first black American to graduate with a master's degree from the College of Hawaii. He was also the first African-American "research chemist and instructor" in the College of Hawaii's department of chemistry.
In Hawaii, Ball investigated the chemical composition and active principle of Piper methysticum (kava) for his master's thesis. Dr. Harry T. Hollmann at Kalihi Hospital in Hawaii, needs an assistant for his research on the treatment of leprosy.
Alice Augusta Ball was born on July 24, 1892, in Seattle, Washington. Ball studied chemistry at the University of Washington, earning a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical chemistry in 1912 and a second bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical science two years later in 1914.
While studying there, together with his pharmacy instructor, Williams Dehn, he published a 10-page article, "Benzoylations in Ether Solution", in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Publishing an article in a respected scientific journal was an unusual achievement for a woman and especially for a black woman at the time.
After graduation, Ball was offered many scholarships. He received offers from the University of California Berkeley, as well as the College of Hawaii (now the University of Hawaii), where he decided to pursue a master's degree in chemistry. At the College of Hawaii, his master's thesis studied the chemical properties of the Kava plant species. Because of this research and his understanding of the chemical makeup of plants, he was later approached by Harry T. Hollmann, an Assistant Surgeon at the U.S. Leprosy Investigation Station. Public Health Service in Hawaii, to study chaulmoogra oil and its chemical properties. Chaulmoogra oil has been the best available treatment for leprosy for hundreds of years, and Ball developed a much more effective injectable form.
In 1915 she became the first woman and the first black American to graduate with a master's degree from the College of Hawaii. He was also the first African-American "research chemist and instructor" in the College of Hawaii's department of chemistry.
In Hawaii, Ball investigated the chemical composition and active principle of Piper methysticum (kava) for his master's thesis. Dr. Harry T. Hollmann at Kalihi Hospital in Hawaii, needs an assistant for his research on the treatment of leprosy.
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At that time, leprosy or Hansen's Disease was a highly stigmatized disease with almost no chance of cure. People diagnosed with leprosy were exiled to the Hawaiian island of Molokai in the hope that they would die there. The best treatment available is chaulmoogra oil, from the seeds of the Hydnocarpus wightianus tree from the Indian subcontinent, which has been used medicinally since the 1300s. But the treatment is not very effective, and each method of application has its problems. It's too sticky to be used topically, and as an injection the thick consistency of the oil causes it to clump under the skin and form blisters when absorbed. These blisters form in rows and make it appear "as if the patient's skin has been replaced with bubble wrap". Treatment by swallowing the oil is also not effective because of its sharp taste which usually makes the patient vomit.
At the age of 23, Ball developed a technique to make oil injectable and absorbed by the body. The technique involves isolating the ester compound from the oil and chemically modifying it, producing a substance that retains the therapeutic properties of the oil and is absorbed by the body when injected. But Ball did not have time to publish this revolutionary discovery, because he died a few months later.
At the age of 23, Ball developed a technique to make oil injectable and absorbed by the body. The technique involves isolating the ester compound from the oil and chemically modifying it, producing a substance that retains the therapeutic properties of the oil and is absorbed by the body when injected. But Ball did not have time to publish this revolutionary discovery, because he died a few months later.
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Arthur L. Dean, a chemist and Ball's graduate study adviser, dean of the college, and later university president, is privy to the process Ball developed. After Ball's death, Dean carried out further experiments and in 1919, a college chemistry laboratory produced a large quantity of injectable chaulmoogra extract.
Then Dean published details of his work and findings without acknowledging Ball as the originator. His name is not mentioned in any of Dean's published works, while the name "Dean's method" is added as the originator of the technique.
In 1920, a Hawaiian physician reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that 78 patients had been discharged from Kalihi Hospital by the board of health examiners after treatment with Ball's modified injection of chaulmoogra oil. In the Ball Method, the ethyl esters of the fatty acids found in the oil chaulmoogra is made into a form suitable for injection and absorption into the circulation. Although it does not cure or completely stop the progression of the disease indefinitely, isolated ethyl esters remained the only effective and available treatment for leprosy until sulfonamide drugs were developed until the 1940s.
A University of Hawaii academic, Paul Wermager, in 2004, cited a 1921 newspaper interview with Dean, in which he emphasized the importance of the work of his predecessors in the development of the extract. However, according to Wermager, according to reports Paradise of the Pacific continued to name Hollmann and other colleagues, but not Ball.
Ball's colleague Hollmann corrected this by publishing a paper in 1922 and crediting Ball, calling the oil injectable the "Ball method". Hollmann discusses techniques developed elsewhere and reports on advances in the treatment of related leprosy.
Although Dean argues that his later work was a refinement of Ball's method, resulting in "advanced specifics", Hollmann compared Dean's and Ball's techniques in the article, in the section entitled "The Ball Method for Making Ethyl Esters from Fatty Acids in Chaulmoogra Oil".
He explained Dean's method and wrote it:
I can't see that there's any improvement over the original technique like Miss Ball did. The original method would allow every doctor in every mental hospital for leprosy in the world, with a little research, to isolate and use the fatty acid ethyl ester of chaulmoogra in treating his case, whereas complicated distillation in a vacuum would require very delicate work, and was not always readily available, equipment.
[Harry T. Hollmann, “Fatty Acids of Chaulmoogra Oil in the Treatment of Leprosy and Other Diseases”, Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology (1922; 5:94-101)].
Nevertheless, Ball remains largely forgotten in the scientific record.
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But in the 1970s, Kathryn Takara and Stanley Ali, professors at the University of Hawaii, discovered Ball's research records and worked to ensure that his achievements were recognized.
FLOOD of confession :
Ball died on December 31, 1916, at the age of 24. He fell ill during his research and returned to Seattle in care a few months before his death. A 1917 Pacific Commercial Advertiser article suggested that the cause might be chlorine poisoning from exposure while teaching in a laboratory. It was reported that he was giving a demonstration on how to properly use a gas mask in preparation for an attack, as World War I was raging in Europe. But the cause of death is unknown, as the original death certificate was changed to mention tuberculosis.
1. The first recognition of Ball's work came six years after his death when. After the work of many historians at the University of Hawaii including Kathryn Takara and Stanley Ali, the University of Hawaii finally honored Ball in 2000 by dedicating a plaque to him on the school's only chaulmoogra tree behind Bachman Hall.
2 On the same day, former Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, Mazie Hirono, declared February 29 as "Alice Ball Day", which is now celebrated every four years.
3. In 2007, the University Board of Regents honored Ball with the Medal of Distinction, the school's highest honor.
4. In March 2016, Hawaii Magazine ranked Ball on its list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.
5. In 2018, a new park in Seattle's Greenwood neighborhood was named Ball.
6. In 2019, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine added its name to the decorations above its main building, along with Florence Nightingale and Marie Curie, in recognition of their contribution to global health science and research.
In February 2020, a short film, The Ball Method, will premiere at the Pan African Film Festival. University of Hawaii students asked if more needed to be done to address former President Dean's wrongful actions, including a proposal to rename Dean Hall to Ball.
7. On November 6, 2020, a satellite named after him (ÑuSat 9 or "Alice", COSPAR 2020-079A) was launched into space.
8. On February 28, 2022, Hawaii Governor David Ige signed a proclamation declaring February 28 as "Alice Augusta Ball Day" in Hawaii at a special recognition ceremony at the University of Hawaii on the Mānoa campus. The ceremony took place next to Bachman Hall in the shade of the Chaulmoogra tree planted in Ball's honor. A bronze plaque is displayed there in his memory. More than 100 people attended, including First Lady Dawn Ige and UH President David Lassner.
FLOOD of confession :
Ball died on December 31, 1916, at the age of 24. He fell ill during his research and returned to Seattle in care a few months before his death. A 1917 Pacific Commercial Advertiser article suggested that the cause might be chlorine poisoning from exposure while teaching in a laboratory. It was reported that he was giving a demonstration on how to properly use a gas mask in preparation for an attack, as World War I was raging in Europe. But the cause of death is unknown, as the original death certificate was changed to mention tuberculosis.
1. The first recognition of Ball's work came six years after his death when. After the work of many historians at the University of Hawaii including Kathryn Takara and Stanley Ali, the University of Hawaii finally honored Ball in 2000 by dedicating a plaque to him on the school's only chaulmoogra tree behind Bachman Hall.
2 On the same day, former Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, Mazie Hirono, declared February 29 as "Alice Ball Day", which is now celebrated every four years.
3. In 2007, the University Board of Regents honored Ball with the Medal of Distinction, the school's highest honor.
4. In March 2016, Hawaii Magazine ranked Ball on its list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.
5. In 2018, a new park in Seattle's Greenwood neighborhood was named Ball.
6. In 2019, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine added its name to the decorations above its main building, along with Florence Nightingale and Marie Curie, in recognition of their contribution to global health science and research.
In February 2020, a short film, The Ball Method, will premiere at the Pan African Film Festival. University of Hawaii students asked if more needed to be done to address former President Dean's wrongful actions, including a proposal to rename Dean Hall to Ball.
7. On November 6, 2020, a satellite named after him (ÑuSat 9 or "Alice", COSPAR 2020-079A) was launched into space.
8. On February 28, 2022, Hawaii Governor David Ige signed a proclamation declaring February 28 as "Alice Augusta Ball Day" in Hawaii at a special recognition ceremony at the University of Hawaii on the Mānoa campus. The ceremony took place next to Bachman Hall in the shade of the Chaulmoogra tree planted in Ball's honor. A bronze plaque is displayed there in his memory. More than 100 people attended, including First Lady Dawn Ige and UH President David Lassner.
Alice Augusta Bal, she was the first woman and African-American to receive a master's degree from the University of Hawaii and also the first African-American and female professor of chemistry.
source : wikipedia, scientificwomen, newscientist, biography.
source : wikipedia, scientificwomen, newscientist, biography.
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